<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<metabolite>
  <version>1.0</version>
  <creation_date>2016-09-30 23:22:59 UTC</creation_date>
  <update_date>2020-06-04 18:59:37 UTC</update_date>
  <accession>BMDB0006525</accession>
  <secondary_accessions>
    <accession>BMDB06525</accession>
  </secondary_accessions>
  <name>(+)-a-Pinene</name>
  <description>(+)-a-Pinene, also known as 2-pinene or acintene a, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as bicyclic monoterpenoids. These are monoterpenoids containing exactly 2 rings, which are fused to each other (+)-a-Pinene exists as a liquid, possibly soluble (in water), and possibly neutral molecule (+)-a-Pinene exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans (+)-a-Pinene has been found to be associated with several diseases known as diarrhoea predominant irritable bowel syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; also (+)-a-pinene has been linked to the inborn metabolic disorders including celiac disease.</description>
  <synonyms>
    <synonym>(+-)-2-Pinene</synonym>
    <synonym>(+-)-alpha-Pinene</synonym>
    <synonym>2-Pinene</synonym>
    <synonym>Acintene a</synonym>
    <synonym>Pin-2(3)-ene</synonym>
    <synonym>(+-)-a-Pinene</synonym>
    <synonym>(+-)-Α-pinene</synonym>
    <synonym>(-)-a-Pinene</synonym>
    <synonym>(-)-Α-pinene</synonym>
    <synonym>(+)-alpha-Pinene</synonym>
    <synonym>(+)-Pin-2(3)-ene</synonym>
    <synonym>(1R)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]Hept-2-ene</synonym>
    <synonym>(1R,5R)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]Hept-2-ene</synonym>
    <synonym>1R-(+)-a-Pinene</synonym>
    <synonym>1R-(+)-alpha-Pinene</synonym>
    <synonym>1R-a-Pinene</synonym>
    <synonym>1R-alpha-Pinene</synonym>
    <synonym>2,6,6-Trimethyl-bicyclo(3.1.1)hept-2-ene</synonym>
    <synonym>2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]Hept-2-ene</synonym>
    <synonym>alpha-Pinene(dextro)</synonym>
    <synonym>Wilt pruf</synonym>
    <synonym>alpha-Pinene, pinene</synonym>
    <synonym>alpha-Pinene</synonym>
  </synonyms>
  <chemical_formula>C10H16</chemical_formula>
  <average_molecular_weight>136.238</average_molecular_weight>
  <monisotopic_moleculate_weight>136.125200515</monisotopic_moleculate_weight>
  <iupac_name>2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene</iupac_name>
  <traditional_iupac>α pinene</traditional_iupac>
  <cas_registry_number>80-56-8</cas_registry_number>
  <smiles>CC1=CCC2CC1C2(C)C</smiles>
  <inchi>InChI=1S/C10H16/c1-7-4-5-8-6-9(7)10(8,2)3/h4,8-9H,5-6H2,1-3H3</inchi>
  <inchikey>GRWFGVWFFZKLTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N</inchikey>
  <taxonomy>
    <description> belongs to the class of organic compounds known as bicyclic monoterpenoids. These are monoterpenoids containing exactly 2 rings, which are fused to each other.</description>
    <kingdom>Organic compounds</kingdom>
    <super_class>Lipids and lipid-like molecules</super_class>
    <class>Prenol lipids</class>
    <sub_class>Monoterpenoids</sub_class>
    <direct_parent>Bicyclic monoterpenoids</direct_parent>
    <alternative_parents>
      <alternative_parent>Branched unsaturated hydrocarbons</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Cyclic olefins</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Polycyclic hydrocarbons</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons</alternative_parent>
    </alternative_parents>
    <substituents>
      <substituent>Aliphatic homopolycyclic compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Bicyclic monoterpenoid</substituent>
      <substituent>Branched unsaturated hydrocarbon</substituent>
      <substituent>Cyclic olefin</substituent>
      <substituent>Hydrocarbon</substituent>
      <substituent>Olefin</substituent>
      <substituent>Pinane monoterpenoid</substituent>
      <substituent>Polycyclic hydrocarbon</substituent>
      <substituent>Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon</substituent>
      <substituent>Unsaturated hydrocarbon</substituent>
    </substituents>
    <molecular_framework>Aliphatic homopolycyclic compounds</molecular_framework>
    <external_descriptors>
      <external_descriptor>Bicyclic monoterpenoids</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>Cyclic monoterpenes</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>an &amp;alpha;-pinene</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>pinene</external_descriptor>
    </external_descriptors>
  </taxonomy>
  <experimental_properties>
    <state>Liquid</state>
    <property>
      <kind>melting_point</kind>
      <value>-62 °C</value>
      <source/>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>4.44</value>
      <source>GRIFFIN,S ET AL. (1999)</source>
    </property>
  </experimental_properties>
  <predicted_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>3.66</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logs</kind>
      <value>-2.94</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>2.8</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>iupac</kind>
      <value>2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>average_mass</kind>
      <value>136.238</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>mono_mass</kind>
      <value>136.125200515</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>smiles</kind>
      <value>CC1=CCC2CC1C2(C)C</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>formula</kind>
      <value>C10H16</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>inchi</kind>
      <value>InChI=1S/C10H16/c1-7-4-5-8-6-9(7)10(8,2)3/h4,8-9H,5-6H2,1-3H3</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>inchikey</kind>
      <value>GRWFGVWFFZKLTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>polar_surface_area</kind>
      <value>0</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>refractivity</kind>
      <value>44.72</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>polarizability</kind>
      <value>17.22</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>rotatable_bond_count</kind>
      <value>0</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>acceptor_count</kind>
      <value>0</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>donor_count</kind>
      <value>0</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>physiological_charge</kind>
      <value>0</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>formal_charge</kind>
      <value>0</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>number_of_rings</kind>
      <value>2</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>bioavailability</kind>
      <value>1</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>rule_of_five</kind>
      <value>Yes</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>ghose_filter</kind>
      <value>Yes</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>veber_rule</kind>
      <value>Yes</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>mddr_like_rule</kind>
      <value>Yes</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
  </predicted_properties>
  <pathways>
  </pathways>
  <spectra>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::EiMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1905</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>5835</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>26802</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>28652</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>99931</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>99932</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>102699</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>102700</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>103745</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>50067</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>50068</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>50069</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>169227</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>169228</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>169229</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>3601052</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>3601053</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>3601054</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>3601892</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>3601893</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>3601894</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
  </spectra>
  <normal_concentrations>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Milk</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value>0.000378 +/- 0.000151</concentration_value>
      <concentration_units>uM</concentration_units>
      <comment>In raw milk samples for diets based on grass silage</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Toso B, Procida G, Stefanon B: Determination of volatile compounds in cows' milk using headspace GC-MS. J Dairy Res. 2002 Nov;69(4):569-77.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>12463694</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Milk</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value>0.000529 +/- 0.000454</concentration_value>
      <concentration_units>uM</concentration_units>
      <comment>In raw milk samples for diets based on maize silage</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Toso B, Procida G, Stefanon B: Determination of volatile compounds in cows' milk using headspace GC-MS. J Dairy Res. 2002 Nov;69(4):569-77.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>12463694</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
    <concentration>
      <biospecimen>Milk</biospecimen>
      <concentration_value>0.000983 +/- 0.000378</concentration_value>
      <concentration_units>uM</concentration_units>
      <comment>In raw milk samples for diets based on hay</comment>
      <references>
        <reference>
          <reference_text>Toso B, Procida G, Stefanon B: Determination of volatile compounds in cows' milk using headspace GC-MS. J Dairy Res. 2002 Nov;69(4):569-77.</reference_text>
          <pubmed_id>12463694</pubmed_id>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </concentration>
  </normal_concentrations>
  <foodb_id>FDB004843</foodb_id>
  <chemspider_id>6402</chemspider_id>
  <pubchem_compound_id/>
  <drugbank_id/>
  <kegg_id>C09880</kegg_id>
  <chebi_id>36740</chebi_id>
  <meta_cyc_id>Alpha-pinene</meta_cyc_id>
  <wikipedia_id>Alpha-Pinene</wikipedia_id>
  <phenol_explorer_compound_id/>
  <knapsack_id>C00000805</knapsack_id>
  <bigg_id/>
  <metlin_id/>
  <pdbe_id/>
  <synthesis_reference/>
  <general_references>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Toso B, Procida G, Stefanon B: Determination of volatile compounds in cows' milk using headspace GC-MS. J Dairy Res. 2002 Nov;69(4):569-77.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>12463694</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
  </general_references>
  <protein_associations>
  </protein_associations>
</metabolite>
